{"id":8095,"date":"2021-09-22T17:42:55","date_gmt":"2021-09-22T14:12:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.farmedtajhiz.com\/?p=8095"},"modified":"2023-10-09T09:28:27","modified_gmt":"2023-10-09T05:58:27","slug":"8095","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.farmedtajhiz.com\/en\/8095\/","title":{"rendered":"rTMS brain magnetic stimulation in Alzheimer’s treatment"},"content":{"rendered":"

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 <\/p>\n

rTMS brain magnetic stimulation in Alzheimer’s treatment<\/h2>\n

Dementia is a debilitating disorder of cognitive functions that affects millions of people worldwide. There are several disorders belonging to the spectrum of dementia, Alzheimer’s being one of them. Magnetic brain stimulation rTMS is a safe and non-invasive form of brain stimulation that is effective for the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric disorders. In this article, the available studies related to rTMS in the treatment of dementia are reviewed. Most of the studies are related to Alzheimer’s and have shown beneficial effects independently or as a supplement to standard drug treatment and cognitive training. Most of the applied protocols seem to be focused on the DLPFC region, but several parameters still need to be defined. In addition, rTMS has also shown potential effects in mild cognitive disorders.<\/p>\n

Source: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare9080949<\/strong><\/a>[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Some rTMS treatment protocols in the DLPFC region<\/h3>\n
Table 1.<\/b>\u00a0rTMS over the DLPFC * in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Reference<\/th>\nProtocol<\/th>\nResults<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
[18<\/a>]<\/td>\nHF ** (20 Hz), bilaterally<\/td>\nImproved action naming<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[19<\/a>]<\/td>\nHF (20 Hz), bilaterally<\/td>\nImproved action naming in milder cognitive decline Improved general naming in moderate to severe cognitive decline<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[20<\/a>]<\/td>\nHF (20 Hz), left<\/td>\nImproved auditory sentence comprehension, persisted for 2 months<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[21<\/a>]<\/td>\nHF (10 Hz), left<\/td>\nImproved neuropsychological test scores and daily functioning<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[22<\/a>]<\/td>\nHF (20 Hz)\/LF *3<\/sup>\u00a0(1 Hz), bilaterally<\/td>\nImproved cognitive function and mood in the HF group, persisted for 3 months<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[23<\/a>]<\/td>\nHF (20 Hz), bilaterally<\/td>\nImproved cognitive function and behaviorImproved word-image association<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[24<\/a>]<\/td>\nHF (20 Hz), left<\/td>\nImproved cognitive function and behavior<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[25<\/a>]<\/td>\nLF (1 Hz), right<\/td>\nImproved episodic memory (non-verbal recognition)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
* Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. ** High-frequency rTMS. *3<\/sup> Low-frequency rTMS.<\/div>\n

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Some rTMS treatment protocols combined with cognitive training<\/h3>\n
Table 2.<\/b>\u00a0rTMS over 6 areas of interest * combined with respective cognitive training in AD.<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Reference<\/th>\nProtocol<\/th>\nResults<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
[26<\/a>]<\/td>\nHF (10 Hz)<\/td>\nImproved cognitive function, persisted in the maintenance period<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[14<\/a>]<\/td>\nHF (10 Hz)<\/td>\nImproved cognitive function, persisted in the maintenance period<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[27<\/a>]<\/td>\nHF (20 Hz)<\/td>\nImproved cognitive function<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[28<\/a>]<\/td>\nHF (10 Hz)<\/td>\nImproved cognitive function, stronger results for milder cognitive decline<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[29<\/a>]<\/td>\nHF (10 Hz)<\/td>\nImproved cognitive function, persisted in the maintenance period<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[30<\/a>]<\/td>\nHF (10 Hz)<\/td>\nImproved cognitive function, persisted at 6 months for those with better baseline scores<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[31<\/a>]<\/td>\nHF (10 Hz)<\/td>\nImproved cognitive function that persisted, specifically for those with better baseline scores<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
[32<\/a>]<\/td>\nHF (10 Hz)<\/td>\nImproved cognitive function, persisted in follow-up, no differences between groups receiving real or sham cognitive training<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n
* Left inferior frontal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left and right parietal somatosensory association cortices.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Some ongoing clinical trials of rTMS in Alzheimer’s<\/h3>\n
Table 3.<\/b>\u00a0Ongoing studies on the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in dementia.<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
NCT Number<\/th>\nDementia Type<\/th>\nDetails<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
NCT02621424<\/td>\nMCI *\/AD **<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: May 2021, active\u2014not recruiting<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, crossover, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Target: DLPFC *5<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Cognitive score improvement and CSF *6<\/sup>\u00a0BDNF *7<\/sup>\u00a0levels<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT01894620<\/td>\nAD<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: February 2021, completed, preliminary results listed<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, crossover, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Cognitive score and sleep improvement<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT02537496<\/td>\nAD<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: February 2019, completed, no results listed<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Target: Left DLPFC<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Executive function\/working memory improvement<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT04562506<\/td>\nAD<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: September 2020, completed<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, sham-controlled, double-blinded<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Target: Bilateral DLPFC<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome:Cognitivefunctions<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT03665831<\/td>\nMCT\/AD with comorbid MDD *3<\/sup><\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: October 2019, recruiting<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Open-label trial<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Target: Left DLPFC<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Emotional\/cognitive symptoms<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT02908815<\/td>\nAD<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: February 2021, recruiting<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Target: DLPFC<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Cognitive functions<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT01885806<\/td>\nAD-related apathy<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: June 2013, unknown<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Target: Left DLPFC<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Apathy symptoms<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT04754152<\/td>\nMCI\/AD<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: May 2021, recruiting<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Cognitive functions<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT04012346<\/td>\nMCI\/AD<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: July 2019, unknown<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Cognitive functions<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT04042532<\/td>\nEarly onset AD<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: April 2021, enrolling by invitation<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Target: Left DLPFC<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Cognitive functions<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT04555941<\/td>\nMCI\/AD<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: October 2020, recruiting<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, triple-blinded, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Cognitive functions<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT01481961<\/td>\nEarly AD<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: March 2015, completed<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Open-label trial<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Target: Left DLPFC<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Cognitive functions<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT03612622<\/td>\nMCI\/Early AD<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: February 2021, completed<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, triple-blinded, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Associative memory\/cognitive and psychological symptoms<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT04440891<\/td>\nAD<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: April 2021, recruiting<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Cognitive functions<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT03270137<\/td>\nAD<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: September2017, unknown<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, single-blinded<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Target: Left DLPFC\/six region protocol<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Cognitive functions<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT04263194<\/td>\nMild AD<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: August 2020, recruiting<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, triple-blinded, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Target: DMN *8<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Cognitive symptoms<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT03778151<\/td>\nMild AD<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: February 2021, completed<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Target: DMN<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Cognitive symptoms<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT04294888<\/td>\nProdromal and Preclinical AD<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: March 2020, recruiting<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, cross-over, single-blinded, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Target: DMN<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Associative memory\/functional connectivity<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT04045990<\/td>\nAmnestic MCI\/Logopenic PPA *4<\/sup><\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: November 2020, recruiting<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Cross-over, single-blinded, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Target: DMN<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Language\/memory<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT03406429<\/td>\nAgrammatic Non-Fluent PPA\/Logopenic PPA<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: March 2021, recruiting<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Open-label, cross-over, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Target: Left DLPFC<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Language\/functional connectivity and cortical thickness<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT04188067<\/td>\nPPA<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: February 2021, recruiting<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Open-label, cross-over, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Target: Left DLPFC<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Language\/functional connectivity<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT04193267<\/td>\nLogopenic PPA<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: March 2021, recruiting<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Open-label trial<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Target: Left superior temporal gyrus<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Language<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT04431401<\/td>\nPPA<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: June 2020, not yet recruiting<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, triple-blinded, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Language\/functional connectivity<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT03153540<\/td>\nAgrammatic Non-Fluent PPA<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: January 2021, recruiting<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Randomized, cross-over, quadruple-blinded, sham-controlled<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Target: Dominant inferior frontal gyrus<\/div>\n<\/li>\n
  • \n
    Outcome: Safety, tolerability\/language\/brain function<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
NCT03448133<\/td>\nPPA<\/td>\n\n
    \n
  • \n
    Last update: June 2020, withdrawn<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
    * Mild Cognitive Impairment. ** Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. *3<\/sup>\u00a0Major Depressive Disorder *4<\/sup>\u00a0Primary Progressive Aphasia. *5<\/sup>\u00a0Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex. *6<\/sup>\u00a0Cerebrospinal Fluid. *7<\/sup>\u00a0Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. *8<\/sup>\u00a0Default Mode Network.<\/div>\n

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    Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other Dementias<\/h2>\n

    Dementia is a debilitating impairment of cognitive functions that affects millions of people worldwide. There are several diseases belonging to the dementia spectrum, most prominently Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), vascular dementia (VD), Lewy body dementia (LBD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a safe, non-invasive form of brain stimulation that utilizes a magnetic coil to generate an electrical field and induce numerous changes in the brain. It is considered efficacious for the treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders. In this paper, we review the available studies involving rTMS in the treatment of these dementia types. The majority of studies have involved AD and shown beneficial effects, either as a standalone, or as an add-on to standard-of-care pharmacological treatment and cognitive training. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex seems to hold a central position in the applied protocols, but several parameters still need to be defined. In addition, rTMS has shown potential in mild cognitive impairment as well. Regarding the remaining dementias, research is still at preliminary phases, and large, randomized studies are currently lacking.<\/p>\n

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    [vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]   rTMS brain magnetic stimulation in Alzheimer’s treatment Dementia is a debilitating disorder of cognitive functions that affects millions<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[353],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8095","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmedtajhiz.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8095","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmedtajhiz.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmedtajhiz.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmedtajhiz.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmedtajhiz.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8095"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmedtajhiz.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8095\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmedtajhiz.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8095"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmedtajhiz.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8095"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmedtajhiz.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8095"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}